Researchers at the West Virginia University (WVU) School of Dentistry and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) are studying how microscopic, airborne particulates and gases might be generated during dental procedures to better protect dental professionals from lung disease.
“When a dentist is drilling into your tooth, they’re using water with suction, so the suction system will capture most of the particulate matter. And if it does go into the air, they’re wearing a mask that should prevent the moisture and particulates from going through,” said Fotinos Panagakos, PhD, DMD, MA, MBA, associate dean of research at the school.
“It’s really all the other work that they do outside of the mouth—grinding things, polishing things, modifying appliances, pouring and trimming plaster, often without a suction system to pull particulates away and many times not wearing any respiratory protection—that are of concern,” said Panagakos.
The researchers are assessing how dental professionals come into contact with vapors, gases, and airborne dust in dental clinics. At five WVU teaching clinics and 29 private dental clinics that collaborate with the school’s Department of Dental Practice and Rural Health, they will measure the size and concentration of particulates in real time during common procedures.
Also, the researchers will characterize the particulates’ and gases’ chemical composition. Samples will include metals, dust, silica, volatile organic compounds, and anesthetic gases. Going beyond the clinics’ workstations, the researchers will evaluate the ventilation at each clinic they visit as well.
“In some smaller clinics, it could be that their setting is in a strip mall, say, and the ventilation systems have not been evaluated,” said Brie Blackley, MS, PhD, a research industrial hygienist with NIOSH. “We will characterize not only the potential exposures that are present but what actions can be taken to mitigate them.”
The impetus of the study was a cluster of dental professionals diagnosed with the same chronic lung condition, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), at a single Virginia clinic. IPF is characterized by scarring in the lungs. It makes patients progressively short of breath and can call for supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, or a lung transplant. It is commonly fatal within two to five years and has no known cure.
“Idiopathic means we don’t know what causes it,” said Randall Nett, MD, MPH, who leads the Field Studies Branch of the NIOSH Respiratory Health Division and who investigated the cluster when it came to light. “That’s part of the reason why we want to understand better what dental personnel are exposed to in the first place.”
Sometimes the only personal protection dentists have in the lab is the surgical masks they wear when they treat patients. But “that mask is really not designed to eliminate the kind of particulate matter that eventually could cause this problem,” said Panagakos.
Whatever the researchers discover, they plan to collaborate with the ADA and the WVY School of Dentistry to share their results with dental professionals.
“We don’t want to just point to a potential hazard and say, ‘Here’s a problem.’ We want to be able to characterize exposures and recommend actions that dental personnel could take to protect themselves,” Blackley said.
“If you’re in a dental lab facility where a dental lab technician works, they probably have a higher level of preventive measures in place. Here at the dental school, our labs are equipped along those lines,” said Panagakos. “But if you’re at a dental office, there’s probably very little protection, if any.”
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