How long a person with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) stops breathing may be a better predictor of mortality risk from OSA than the number of times the person stops breathing, reports a multi-institute team of researchers, as study participants who had short apneas and hypopneas were at greater risk of dying over a decade of follow-up.
“This result seems counterintuitive because you might expect longer periods of not breathing to be more severe,” said Matthew P. Butler, PhD, assistant professor at the Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences at Oregon Health & Science University.
“On the other hand, shorter periods of disturbed breathing indicate a low arousal threshold, which would associate with sleep fragmentation, elevated sympathetic tone, and greater risk for hypertension,” said Butler.
The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), the most widely used measure of sleep apnea severity, has been linked to mortality and heart disease. Yet it remains a coarse measure of sleep apnea severity and is not a good risk predictor for women, according to Butler.
The current study found that the duration of abnormal breathing events may be a better predictor of mortality risk in both women and men. The duration of these events, the researchers said, is easily determined from the same polysomnography studies that patients now undergo to measure AHI.
The researchers analyzed the records of 5,712 adults with an average age of 63 years who participated in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Sleep Heart Health Study made available through the institute’s National Sleep Research Resource. This community-based study followed an approximately equal number of men and women for up to 11 years.
The study found that participants with the shortest duration of breathing events were 31% more likely to die. This association was strongest in participants with moderate sleep apnea as measured by AHI. In this group, participants with the shortest duration of breathing events had a 59% increased risk of dying.
“This study shows the power of big data analysis to identify novel predictors of disease outcomes,” said senior study author Susan Redline, MD, senior physician, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Massachusetts.
“The findings indicate that there may be several mechanisms by which sleep apnea leads to increased mortality and a need to measure several features associated with apnea occurrence. In particular, apneas of different types and event durations may result in adverse health outcomes,” said Redline.
These findings suggest a phenotype of OSA that may be genetically encoded, the researchers said, adding that other studies have shown that the duration of breathing events is highly heritable and that shorter abnormal breathing events are more common in women and in African Americans.
Because it wasn’t a randomized controlled trial, though, the study could not determine causality between shorter events and death. Shorter events, the researchers said, may be a marker for underlying problems that result in increased deaths rather than the cause itself.
“This study shows that a readily available trait that is usually not analyzed, the duration of respiratory disturbances, predicts mortality over and beyond that predicted by AHI in both women and men,” said Butler. “Further research is needed to determine how OSA and a low arousal threshold interact as a health risk.”
The study, “Apnea-hypopnea Event Duration Predicts Mortality in Men and Women in the Sleep Heart Health Study,” was published by the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care.
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