Light cures many fillings, as well as a growing number of coatings used in other areas like varnishes and printing inks. Yet homogenous, tailored, polymer networks cannot be produced, and the materials tend to be brittle, which limits the use of photopolymers in applications like 3-D printing, biomedicine, and microelectronics.
An international team of researchers led by the Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry at the Technical University of Vienna in Austria, has developed a method by which methacrylate-based, homogenously crosslinked, tailored, tough polymers can be made, even at high resolution for 3-D printing.
Light curing usually is a radical chain polymerization. Light energy splits an initiator into radicals. These radicals then attack the monomer, such as the C = C double bond in a vinyl group, which forms a new radical that becomes the starting point of a growing polymer network by attacking more monomers and binding to them.
Newer methods to better control radical photopolymerization and the material properties of the products tend to slow the curing process, which is not ideal for 3-D printing. A short irradiation phase is critical for high spatial resolution and economical production times.
The researchers have developed a new approach for the tailored production of methacrylate-based photopolymers without inhibiting the curing process. Their success relies on the addition of an ester-activated vinyl sulfonate ester (EVS) that acts as a chain transfer agent. It is activated because it easily splits off one portion of itself.
If the growing polymer network attacks EVS instead of the next monomer, an intermediate forms and quickly splits apart to form a terminated polymer chain in the network and a highly reactive radical (tosyl radical), which starts a new chain reaction. The more EVS is added, the shorter the average chain length in the polymer network.
Shorter polymer chains remain mobile longer, so the danger of shrinkage cracks during curing is significantly reduced. In contrast to conventional chain transfer agents, the polymerization is not inhibited, because there are no stable intermediates or reversible reaction steps involved. The splitting off of the tosyl radical is flavored.
The researchers prepared a scaffold-like sample structure using a methacrylate copolymer. Individual layers with a thickness of 50 µm were spatially well resolved. The material is very homogenous, solid but elastic and impact resistant with high tensile strength.
These properties can be adjusted by changing the amount of EVS added. Without EVS, the material was very brittle. This new approach prepares the way for tough photopolymers for applications in biomedicine, such as shape-memory polymers for tissue growth and fillings for teeth.
The study, “Vinyl Sulfonate Esters: Efficient Chain Transfer Agents for the 3D Printing of Tough Photopolymers without Retardation,” was published by Angewandte Chemie International Edition.
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